Agrawal, Arun 2001. The regulatory community: Decentralization and the Environment in the Van Panchayats (Forest Councils) of Kumaon, India. Mountain Ressearch and Development, 21(3): 208-211. Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520. [KUMAON HIMALAYA; MANAGEMENT;VAN PANCHAYATS; WATERSHED]

                As a new strategy to conserve resources, decentralization of political authority has displaced earlier coercive conservation policies in many countries. More than 60 countries claim to have decentralized forest control. In these countries, communities ares supposed to be involved in joint strategies to conserve forests. The story is similar for other resources such as wildlife, water and watersheds. Decentralization is becoming ubiquitous even for provision of services, development programs, health and education. This is not surprising. Decentralization aims to achieve one of the central aspirations of equitable political governance: humans should have a say in their own affairs. Given the ubiquity of decentralization initiatives, 2 questions require critical attention: (1) What accounts for decentralization of political authority toward local decision makers? Voluntary relinquishing of power seems to fly in the face of expected state behavior. (2) Do the actual effects of decentralization policies match claims that decentralization is better on grounds of efficiency,  equity, or political empowerment?

Baduni, N.P. and Sharma, C.M. 2001. Population structure and community analysis on different aspects of Sal Savanna forest type in outer Garhwal Himalaya. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 1001-1011. Department of Forestry, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttaranchal, India. [BIOTIC PRESSURE; CLIMATIC CONDITIONS; DIAMETER; DIVERSITY; GARHWAL HIMALAYA]

                The population structure and community analysis of the Sal-Savanna forest of the Kalagarh Forest Division in the outer Himalaya were studied on four different aspect viz., North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West. The maximum density (500 trees/ha) and maximum total basal cover (32.98 m²/ha) were observed on the SW and NE aspects respectively. The tree diversity range in these forests varied from 0.5029 (on NE aspect) to 1.366 (on SE aspect). The maximum dispersion of tree individuals were seen on SE aspect which has indicated a more stable community comparatively. Due to more biotic and abiotic interference's, the population structure on other aspects has shown a degrading sustainability. The occurrence of grasses growth with Sal under these disturbed climatic condition and heavy biotic interference have represented this stage of retrogression in otherwise climax Sal type and are responsible for the formation of Sal-Savanna forest type.

Banerjee, Sujoy and Sharma, S.K. 2001. Timber distribution scheme (TDS) in Himachal Pradesh - Issue and perspectives. The Indian Forester, 127(11): 1223-1228. 5/963, Viraam Khand-5, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, U.P.; Divisional Forest Officer, Solan, H.P., India. [BIOTIC PRESSURE; MANAGEMENT; TIMBER DISTRIBUTION SCHEME]

                Since the time the forests of Himachal Pradesh have been taken up for management by the erstwhile British Government in the pre-independence period, the local people have been granted some rights out of the forests of the nearby areas to meet their genuine requirements. As per the settlement of Anderson in 1915 these rights under the Timber Distribution Scheme (TDS) included the provision of timber trees for over a fixed period of time for the repair and construction of houses, fuelwood during celebrations and festivals, repair of temples (Devtaa rights), timber for the repair of bridges, etc., subject to the payment of a token amount in certain cases as may be applicable. However, over the past few years, the population has increased greatly while at the same time, the TDS policies have not been revised. As a result, this has created tremendous pressure on the meagre forest resources that are existing at present. This paper attemps to highlight certain important issues related to TDS in Himachal Pradesh.

Bhardwaj, S.D.; Panwar, Pankaj and Gautam, Sachil 2001. Biomass production potential and nutrient dynamics of Populus deltoides under high density plantations. The Indian Forester, 127(2): 144-153. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P., India. [BIOMASS; LITTERFALL; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; POPULUS DELTOIDES] 

                The experiment on Populus deltoides was laid out in randomised block design with three densities viz 60 cm x 60 cm (27,777 plants/ha), 90 cm x 90 cm (12,345 plants/ha) and 120 cm x 120 cm (6,944 plants/ha) under rainfed conditions in mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh. The plantation harvested after 13 years, produced maximum biomass (218.08t/ha) in the closest spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm for which the bole contributed 90.71 per cent of the total above ground biomass accumulation. The nutrient accumulation in the biomass also differed with the density. The maximum nutrients were present in the closest spacing. It was further observed that organic carbon content in the soil decreases with the decrease in density. Conversely, an increase was observed in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of soil with the increase in spacing. Study reveals that accumulation of nutrients in the biomass is higher in 60 cm x 60 cm spacing whereas, the nutrient return throgh litterfall was less as compared to the total uptake which created nutrient deficit in the soil.

Bhardwaj, S.D.; Yadav, Vasu and Panwar, Pankaj 2001. Planting stock influence on the performance of Bauhinia variegata Linn. under degraded hill lands. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 143-145. Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173230,H.P. [BIOMASS; COLLAR DIAMETER; SEEDLING; SHOOT RATIO]

                Investigation of the planting stock influence on performance of Bauhinia veriegata seedlings in degraded hill lands reveals that planting stock below 0.5 cm in collar diameter should not be selected for out planting. Best results are obtained with large sized (1.00-1.50 cm collar diameter) seedlings. Longer shoot (6 cm and above the collar) and unpruned root portion should be retained to afforest the degraded hill lands.

Bhrot, N.P. and Khurana, D.K. 2001. Variability studies for some root characters in different clones of poplar. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 150-152. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173230, H.P., India. [CLIMATIC CONDITIONS; CLONES; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                The study was undertaken to estimate the amount of genetic variability present in different root characters of selected clones of Poplar. Significant value of Mean Sum of Squares for different root characters depict good scope for their improvement. All the root characters exhibited higher values for phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) over the GCV, indicating environmental effect on these characters.

Chand, Krishan and Mishra, V.K. 2001. Effect of cutting height on growth, development and biomass productivity in four multipurpose tree species of N-W Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 214-219. Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, P.O. Nauni, Solan 173230, H.P. [BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY; COLLAR DIAMETER; LEAF AREA; MULTIPURPOSE TREE]

                Response of cutting height, viz., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m was examined on growth, development and biomass productivity of four multipurpose tree species of NW Himalaya. All the growth and development characters evinced significant influence due to species, cutting height and their interaction effects. Morus alba accumulated maximum leaf+branch biomass followed by Grewia optiva, Celtis australis and Bauhinia variegata, respectively. The productivity of leaf, branch and their total improved with increase cutting height up to 2.0 m under all species.

Chauhan, Sanjeev K. and Sehgal, R.N. 2001. Genetic divergence among progenies of Himalayan long leaf pine. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 65-71. University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan 173230, H.P. [CLUSTER DISTANCE; COLLAR DIAMETER; LEAF PINE; VARIATION]

                Studies were undertaken to assess the magnitude of genetic divergence among the progenies of 58 plus trees from the whole distributional range of Pinus roxburghii in Himachal Pradesh (India) at the age of 5 years to identify the promising selections to be used in future improvement programme. Five growth characters, viz., plant height, collar diameter, current year growth, internodal length and spur dry weight were used to identify the cluster pattern on the basis of Mahalanobis D² statistics. Based on D² values, 58 sources were grouped into 11 clusters. The study also revealed that genetic divergence has little relation to eco-geographical distribution of the plus trees. The superiority of cluster XI enables us to use Charet Mansu P₄ for general plantation purpose.

Chettri, N.; Sharma, E. and Deb, D.C. 2001. Bird community structure along a trekking corridor of Sikkim Himalaya: a conservation perspective. Biological Conservation, 102(1): 1-16. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development,Sikkim Unit, P.O. Tadong, Sikkim, 737102; Department of Zoology, North Bengal University, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling, India. [FOREST TYPE; HABITAT CONDITIONS; SEASONALITY INDEX; SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY]

                Bird community Structure was studied in the Yuksam Dzongri trekking corridor of the Sikkim Himalaya, India. Nineteen transects with a total of 266 samplings were made in the forests along the corridor during June 1997 to June 1999. Human utilised forest (open canopy forest) and relatively unutilised forest (closed canopy forest) were designated for the study at two ecological zones, i.e. lower forest (1780-2350 m a.s.l.) and upper forest (2350-3600 m) depending on the natural resources utilisation pattern by local community living in the area and for tourism purposes. There were visible changes in the open and closed canopy forests in diameters at breast height class distribution of trees leading to distinct variation in the habitat types. Among the 143 species of birds observed during the study, a handful of species were found as habitat specific and about 40% were common to all the four habitat types. Both bird species richness and diversity were higher at the open canopy conditions compared with closed canopy, but the differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, both the indices showed strong and significant negative relationship with the elevation. These diversity indices were also significantly higher during the summer compared with the winter season. The open canopy conditions exhibited comparatively more species of birds that were perturbated by human settlements than those species found at the closed canopy (mostly forest interior) and vice versa. Though the study could not trace out the effect of patch size brought about by human caused disturbances, the Yuksam Dzongri trekking corridor possesses diverse habitat types as well as bird species resulted from heterogeneous habitat conditions. It is therefore important to emphasise disturbance study for threshold level assessment so that generalists as well as forest interior species could be managed through conservation efforts.

Chowdhury, H.; Singh, R.D.; Kumar, P. and Lakshmi, N.Jyoti 2001. Allelopathic effects of aqueous leaf leachates of pine (Pinus roxburghii), oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and maize (Zea mays) on germination and seedling growth of some major hill crops. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 53-57. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (ICAR), Almora 263601, Uttaranchal, India. [GERMINATION; PINUS ROXBURGHII; SEEDLING]

                Aqueous leaf leachates of pine (Pinus roxburghii) and oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) along with maize (Zea mays) straw extracts were tested for allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of various cultivated crops, viz., rice (Oryza sativa), pea (Pisum sativum) and capsicum (Capsicum annum). Allelopathic effects of maize straw extracts were more pronounced as compared to pine needle extracts while oak leaf extracts promoted growth of rice and pea seedlings. Extracts collected after longer duration of immersion exhibited more inhibitory effects. In general, germination suppression of test crops ranging 5-78 per cent was recorded by various leachates. Inhibition on root extension was more than inhibition on shoot length elongation. Sixty per cent and above root length reduction in rice seedlings were observed when treated with pine needle and maize straw extracts collected after 72 hrs of immersion.

Dhiman, R.C. 2001. Traditional initiatives in participatory forest management: Dodra-Kwar (Shimal - H.P.) experience. The Indian Forester, 127(8): 929-935. Forest Training School, Chail, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. [JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT; MEDICINAL HERB; TREE LOPPING; VAN PANCHAYATS]

                Paper presents a case of villager's traditional initiatives  in the management and regulated use of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). The system has roots in `Deota' (Village God) system being practiced in the remote villages of Himachal Pradesh in which collection, distribution and even enrichment of the forest products is governed by the practice established long back when the present day form of Joint Forest Management was not initiated. Collection of products from the government forests is permanently distributed by trees/area whereas for some others annual distribution is made among the families and there are least conflicts in their regulated use.

Gahalaut, V.K. and Kalpna 2001. Himalayan mid-crustal ramp. Current Science, 81(12): 1641-1646. National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India. [EARTHQUAKE; SEISMICITY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION]

                The presence of the Himalayan mid-crustal ramp under the southern Higher Himalaya has been proposed by several investigators, on the basis of analyses of microseismicity^1-3, seismic reflection⁴, gravity anomaly⁵, uplift rate^6,7 and inferred subsurface geological data ^8-12. We analyse focal depths and fault plane solutions of the moderate thrust earthquakes of the Himalayan seismic belt derived from body wave inversion, along with the hypocentral parameters of reliably located earthquakes whose focal depths have been estimated on the basis of ISC-reported surface reflected phases. These earthquakes occurred in a narrow belt of about 25 km width along the northern Lesser and southern Higher Himalaya. A more or less systematic increase in the focal depths and dips of the inferred fault planes in north-northeast direction along the four cross-sections across the Himalaya along with the available evidences, supports the presence of this ramp under the southern Higher Himalaya. These earthquakes occur on and above the mid-crustal ramp that lies in the transition zone between the seismically active detachment under the Outer and Lesser Himalaya and the aseismically slipping detachment under the Higher and Tethys Himalaya.

Garbyal, S.S. 2001. Occurrence of Cordyceps sinensis in upper Himalaya, Dharchula sub-division, Pithoragarh district, Uttaranchal, India. The Indian Forester, 127(11): 1229-1231. Conservator of Forests and Chief Wildlife Warden, Delhi. [CORDYCEPS SINENSIS; ECONOMIC VALUE; TIBETAN MEDICINE]

                Cordyceps sinensis a insect pathogen has now been reported for the first time from Uttaranchal Himalaya, India.It has very high medicinal properties. Therefore during the year 2001 it was sold at the rate of Rs. 80,000 per kilogram.

Graner, Elvira 2001. Lobor Markets and Migration in Nepal- The case of workers in Kathmandu Valley carpet manufactories. Mountain Ressearch and Development, 21(3): 253-259. South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, INF 330, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [CARPET PRODUCTION; LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES; LOBOR MARKETS; MIGRATION; NEPAL; REMITTANCE ECONOMY]

                Nepal is witnessing a transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to one where nonagricultural income opportunities are increasingly important. The significance of wage labor in (semi)industrial production and in the service sector is growing rapidly. Along with these changes, there is increasing labor migration as part of the population seeks work in labour markets in urban areas, both in Nepal and India of further abroad. Within the Nepalese urban labor market, carpet production evolved as one of the most prominent industries during the early 1990s, experiencing high annual growth rates. Yet this "gold rush" was followed by a dramatic decline in the mid and late 1990s that severely affectedthe industry and its workers. In order to analyze these processes, the author conducted an empirical study from 1996 through 1999 consisting of interviews with business people, workers, and officials from governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The study showed that declining income opportunities have drastically affected savings and remittances. As a consequence, those (male) workers with access to more attractive labor markets sought new destinations, particularly in the Gulf states, whereas women workers have been left behind.

Jain, R.K. 2001. Pollen morphological studies in some members of Acanthaceae of Doon Valley. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 177-184. Department of Botany, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal. [DOON VALLEY; MORPHOLOGY; RETICULATE PATTERN]

                Pollen morphological studies of certain Acanthaceous plants belonging to 18 species of 15 genera have been carried out. An array of pollen types are observed, they include 2-8 Zonicolporate types showing different ornamentation pattern, number of colpi and nature of mesocolpium. The pollen types are categorised to `NPC' system of classification. Specific pollen keys are drawn in certain genera under the investigation.

Jha, M.N.; Gupta, M.K.; Dimri, B.M. and Bedwal, H.S. 2001. Moisture distribution pattern in the soil under different tree plantations. The Indian Forester, 127(4): 443-449. Forest Soil & Land Reclamation Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [BARREN LANDS; EUCALYPTUS; SOIL MOISTURE; WATER MANAGEMENT]

                Soil moisture distribution pattern in the soil profiles under Chir, Teak, Shisham, Eucalyptus, Khair, plantations, natural Sal and barren land was studied. It is observed that maximum moisture was retained by the soil under Shisham followed by natural Sal, Khair, Chir, Eucalyptus, Teak and the least was under barren land. As far as months are concerned maximum moisture was observed in August followed by September, July, October, November, January, March, February, December, April, June and the least moisture was in May. It has been found that during January, February, July and August moisture content decreased with increasing soil depth while in remaining months moisture content increase with increasing soil depth.

Jha, Sanjeeva Kumar 2001. On upper Bias in `Forest Cover' data of hilly terrain obtained through satellite imagery with special reference to Mizoram. The Indian Forester, 127(8): 871-878. Deapartment of Statistics, Pachhunga University College, North-Eastern Hill University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. [CANOPY; FOREST COVER; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE DATA]

                The high intensity of slope of hills in Mizoram causes a significant degradation in the ground resolution of the sensor of a satellite. Consequently, the intensity of the corresponding picture element gets increased in favour of higher canopy density class owing to the adequacy in the natural vegetational growth in the State. Hence, during cover classification stage, an upper bias is introduced. The present paper tries to investigate and measure the bias.

Joshi, Beena; Singh, S.P.; Rawat, Y.S. and Goel, Deepti 2001. Facilitative effect of Coriaria nepalensis on species diversity and growth of herbs on severely eroded hill slopes. Current Science, 80(5): 678-682. Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263002, India. [BIOMASS; ERODED HILL SLOPES; NITROGEN FIXING; SOIL MOISTURE]

                In this study we examine the facilitative effect of Coriaria nepalensis Wall. verns. at two contrasting sites, a severely eroded hill slope consisting of loose material and a stable hill with normal soil cover (forest). The facilitative effect was measured in terms of species richness and growth of herbs associated with the nurse species. The beta-diversity was more at the open microsite than below-canopy microsite. At the eroded site, the herb density was greater in the open than below the Coriaria canopy. The ameliorative effect of Coriaria bush at the eroded site was dramatic in terms of herb biomass. Our study shows a strong facilitative effect of Coriaria in the harsh environment of the hill slope with severely eroded surface. The facilitative effect is reflected in terms of significantly higher alpha-diversity and biomass of herbs growing below Coriaria than those growing in the open. The facilitative effect of Coriaria, however, is not manifested at the favourable forest site. The bush showed several ameliorative effects on the eroded site, including higher rate of soil build-up and accumulation of nutrients and organic matter leading to an increase in soil water potential. The ability of Coriaria plants of nurse herbs can be used to stabilize hill slopes, to regenerate them and to promote species diversity.

Joshi, P.K.; Singh, Sarnam; Agarwal, Shefali and Roy, P.S. 2001. Land cover assessment in Jammu & Kashmir using phenology as discriminant-An approach of wide swath satellite (IRS-WiFS). Current Science, 81(4): 392-399. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, 4, Kalidas Road,Dehradun 248 001,India. [FOREST TYPE; LAND-COVER; LAND-USE; REMOTE SENSING; VEGETATION INDEX]

                Climatic and seasonal variations guide the change in the internal features of vegetation and thus the vegetation mapping. A correlation between the vegetation units and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), is established and the spatial distribution of phenology and seasonal distribution is deduced for mapping. High amount of spectral variability contributed by phenological phases made us generate a large number of clusters to distinguish features. The study has significance in the light of national development needs vis-a-vis advancement expected in the future indigenous and international remote sensing missions. The study suggests that multi-date data consider the variability and enables us to delineate the land use and land cover pattern of Jammu& Kashmir. The regional phyto-phenological classified man provides details on vegetation stratum. They can be an excellent source of data for understanding the land dynamic processes and human interventions in the region.The map derived can delineate finer, the biogeographical zones.

Kar, Ratan; Ranhotra, P.S.; Bhattacharyya, A. and Sekar, B. 2002. Vegetation vis-a-vis climate and glacial fluctuations of the Gangotri Glacier since the last 2000 years. Current Science, 82(3): 347-351. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007, India. [GANGOTRI GLACIER; POLLEN DIAGRAM; VEGETATIONAL CHANGE]

                Pollen analysis of a 1.25 m sediment profile from an outwash plain at Bhujbas (3800 m asl) near Gangotri Glacier has revealed the vegetational changes in relation to climatic and glacial fluctuations in the area during the past 2000 years. Around 2000 years BP, open Juniperus-Betula forest occupied the area vacated by the the glacier, revealing comparatively cooler and moist climate than the one prevailing at present. Sub-sequent increase of local arboreal taxa Juniperus, Betula, Salix and extra local elements (mainly Pinus) around 1700 years BP, indicates further amelioration of climate, i.e. increase of both precipitation and temperature in this region. Around 850 years BP there is s shift in the vegetational pattern, with sharp increase in Ephedra and other steppe elements notably Artemisia and Asteraceae. This reflects a trend towards drier climatic conditions, which is also evidenced by a decrease in Ferns and Potamogeton. At the upper part of the diagram, i.e. during recent times, climate again reverted to warm and moist, and due to increase in temperature, resulting in the retreat of snout to higher elevations.

Kirn, H.S. and Kapahi, B.K. 2001. Alternanthera polygonoides (Linn.) R.BR. ex Roem. & Schult. and Volvulopsis numularia (Linn.) Roberty, two new distributional plant records for Jammu and Kashmir state-India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 99-102. Department of Botany, G.G.M. Science College, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India. [FLORA; JAMMU & KASHMIR]

                Alternanthera polygonoides (Linn.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Amaranthaceae) and Volvulopsis numularia (Linn.) Roberty (Convolvulaceae) are reported here for first time from Jammu and Kashmir state.

Maheo, Lorho Mary and Kalla, A.K. 2001. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of birth control measures among the Mao Nagas of Senapati district, Manipur. Anthropologist, 3(1): 33-42. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. [ATTITUDE; BIRTH CONTROL; FERTILITY; KNOWLEDGE; MAO; PRACTICES]

                It is presently attempted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice status of birth control measures among the Mao Nagas of Manipur. Different modern birth control measures though widely propagated yet few persons adopted them. Indigeneous birth control methods are not prevalent. There are various factors which influences the acceptance of birth control methods. Educational status of the mother and the economic status are presently found to significantly influence the acceptance of birth control measures among the Maos.

Mahesh, R.K. and Jauhari, R.K. 2001. Incrimination of Anopheles fluviatilis James, 1902 as a vector of malaria in forested areas of Doon Valley. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 72-76. Department of Zoology, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal, India. [DOON VALLEY; MALARIA VECTOR; MOSQUITO]

                Among 10 anopheline species collected during the course of entomological studies carried out from February 1993 to January 1995 in the localities of Mohobewala, Sahastradhara, Malsi deer park, Lacchiwal and Kaulagarh covering the forests in the Doon Valley, Northern India, the most predominant species were A. stephensi, A> Subpictus, A. annularis, A. splendidus and A. fluviatilis. Sporozoites were detected in the salivary gland/gut of five specimens of A. fluviatilis James, 1902 collected from Sahastradhara and Lacchiwala localities.

Marak, T.T.C. 2002. Status, distribution and conservation of the asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Meghalaya. The Indian Forester, 128(2): 155-160. Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya. [CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; PROTECTED AREA; SHIFTING CULTIVATION]

                Meghalaya is a small State (area 22429 km², population 2.30 million, forest area 0.95 million ha, dense forest 9929 km², open forests 9708 km²). The State Forest Department control 12% of forest area, the rest being managed by autonomous councils. There are 2 National Parks and 3 Wildlife Sanctuaries, protected area being 0.03 million ha which is proposed to be further extended. Elephant population cannot be considered without referring to neighbouring Assam and Bangladesh as there is inter-state movement of elephants. Estimates put the number at 1319 in 1998, while it was 2222 in 1993. Other estimate put the number at 2600. Death of elephants as well as humans also takes place. Compensation is paid. It is heavily in arrears and on April 1999 stood at Rs. 87.8 lakhs and even after payments made during 1999-2000, and proposed to be paid during 2001-2002 from State and Central funds is likely to be in arrears by Rs. 40.378 lakhs. The reserved and protected areas also cover unclassed areas where jhum cultivation prevails, so man-animal conflict takes place resulting in about 40% deaths of animals as well as humans, including forest staff on duty. There is need for extending reserve areas as elephants need large areas for movement as also to increase the staff and shifting cultivation has also to be checked and existing crops to be replaced by such crops as may be unattractive to elephants. Local people have to be involved and Development Committees framed with them on profit sharing basis, Research on population structure of elephants alternative crop patterns determination of home ranges seasonal habitat utilization pattern, habit assessment, movement pattern has also to be initiated.

Marcot, B.G.; Kumar, A.; Roy, P.S.; Sawarkar, V.B.; Gupta, A. and Sangma, S.N. 2002. Towards a landscape conservation strategy: Analysis of jhum landscape and proposed corridors for managing Elephants in south garo hills district and nokrek area, Meghalaya. The Indian Forester, 128(2): 207-216. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, USA; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttaranchal; Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, Uttaranchal; East and West Garo Hills Division (Wildlife), Tura, Meghalaya, India. [CONSERVATION STRATEGY; ELEPHANT CENSUS ZONES; FOREST COVER; PROTECTED AREA]

                In the South Garo Hills District and Nokrek area of Western Meghalaya, statistical analyses suggest very low elephant densities and greatest declines of elephants in areas with >10% bamboo and secondary forest (6-10 years old) and >10% scrub and abandoned jhum fields (old fallow jhum 3-6 years old). Elephant densities are highest, and declines are the least, in areas with >25% semi-evergreen forest (old secondary forests 15-30+ years old). Data on elephant sign (use) in the field generally support these findings, with selection by elephants (i.e., use significantly exceeding availability) for native semi-evergreen forest, and lack of selection (use significantly less than availability) for deciduous forests (including Sal forest, Teak and Cashew plantations) and for scrub and abandoned jhum fields. To maintain elephant populations in the South Garo Hills District and Nokrek area, we suggest official delineation of 7 elephant habitat corridors that we mapped as having low degree of fragmentation of forest cover and a high proportion of contiguous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forest cover.

Mir, G.M.; Baba, Z.A.; Parray, M.A. and RoufWani, A. 2001. Bionomics of symphyla (Myriapoda). with special reference to garden symphylid Scutigerella immaculata newport. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 196-199. Division of Entomology, S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology (K), Shalimar, Srinagar 191121, India. [BROAD-LEAVED; FAUNA; ORGANIC MATTERS; SOIL MOISTURE]

                The soil with thick mat of litter and humus and root zone of pasture soil contained remarkably fair number of symphylids, Scutigerella immaculata and Symphylella sp. Their number reached to greatest complexity and abundance in undisturbed habitats, where the climate, vegetation, soils and litter type combined to supply a suitable humidity, temperature and food. As high as 788 individuals/m² were collected in August, wherein Scutigerella immaculata showed comparatively higher densities followed by Symphylella sp. Physiochemical nature of the litter soil and grass showed positive correlation with their abundance.

Mishra, Charudutt; Prins, Herbert H.T. and Wieren, Sipke E.Van 2001. Overstocking in the trans-Himalayan rangelands of India. Environmental Conservation, 28(3): 279-283. Tropical Nature Conservation and Vertebrate Ecology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, 3076/5, IV Cross Gokulam Park, Mysore 570002, India. [ANIMAL PRODUCTION; OVERGRAZING; RANGELANDS; TRANS HIMALAYA]

                High livestock densities in rangelands can result in reduced animal production due either to overgrazing or reduced per caput  food availability, yet evidence for reduced animal production due to overstocking is scarce. Here simple animal production models establish the occurrence of overstocking in a traditional agropastoral system in the Spiti Valley of the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Empirical data show that fecundity of adult female livestock is related to total livestock biomass density (S) as a negative linear function of S. Total herd production is modelled as a quadratic function of S, thereby calculating an optimum livestock biomass density (S_op), at which total herd production is maximized. A sample of 40 villages showed that over 83% of Spiti's rangelands may be overstocked with values of S>S_op. Overstocking seems to be a classic case of the tragedy of the commons, as livestock is individually owned while the land is communally grazed. Recent socio-economic changes have probably contributed to high levels of overstocking. Even areas within wildlife reserves are overstocked. Conservation management needs to focus on creation of grazing free areas and management of livestock densities.

Misra, B.M.; Khan, S.N. and Singh, Y.P. 2001. Heteroporus root-rot of Paulownia fortunei. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 1043-1046. Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal. [AGRO-FORESTRY; PAULOWNIA; ROOT ROTS]

                White spongy root-rot of Paulownia fortunei was observed in plantations raised at New Forest trial plantation and Doiwala Social Forestry plantation, Dehradun. Affected trees showed die-back symptom besides white cottony mycelium on bark of diseased roots. The causal organism was identified as Heteroporus biennis (Bull. ex Fries Bull. Pathogenicity test established the ralationship of the root-rot fungus with the disease. Field assessment of the root-rot was also carried out in the plantation at New Forest, Forest Reasearch Institute, Dehradun.

Misra, R.M.; Misra, B.M. and Mishra, R.K. 2001. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin - A fungal pathogen of Ectropis deodarae prout in Kamraj Forest Division (Jammu & Kashmir). Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 103-105. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [DEODAR; JAMMU & KASHMIR; MICROBIAL CONTROL]

                An entomophagous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was isolated from dead larvae of Ectropis deodarae Prout collected from Deodar forest, Lolab Valley, Kamraj Forest Division (Jammu & Kashmir). Laboratory experiment gave 80% kill of the larvae when sprayed with sprayed with spores of the fungus in destilled water. This fungus is a promising pathogen for the microbial control of the deodar defoliator.

Misra, R.M.; Misra, B.N. and Misra, R.K. 2001. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamao) vuillemein - A fungal pathogen of Erthesina fullo thunb. (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae). Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 253-255. Forest Research Institute, Division of Forest Entomology, New Forests, Dehradun 248006, Uttaranchal. [DIAMETER; FUNGI; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                Erthesina fullo bugs were found entombed with Beauveria bassiana on Melia azedarach in Kalsi and New Forest, Dehradun during July-August 1994. Entomogenous fungi isolated from insects was identified as Beauveria bassiana. The virulence of B. bassiana isolated from E.fullo bugs was tested in the laboratory and field.

Mohanty, Manoranjan; Sharma, A.K. and Sharma, R.C. 2001. Comparative study of modification of woods by chemicals against a white rotter Tramates versicolor. The Indian Forester, 127(6): 707-716. NATP(RRPS-29), Agroforestry Wing, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Orrisa; Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, H.P. [BIODEGRADATION; ENZYME; MICROORGANISM; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                Durable primary timber species and heartwoods are becoming scarce, secondary timber species and sapwoods are of next choice. As biodegradation is chemical in nature, only chemical modification of wood that primarily changes the site of action for the fungal enzyme for which the organism can not recognise it, can protect the wood against the degradation. Chromic acid treatment was superficial  one whereas sodium periodate penetrated into the wood matrix. Decay loss due to fungus (Tramates versicolor, white-rotter) decreased with increase in NaIO₄ concentration in all the three wood species. At 1.0% NaIO₄ for 20h dip, no decay loss was observed in any wood. Chromic acid application (5.0% for 5 min) also showed reduced fungal decay. But 0.5% of NaIO₄ for 20h dip was more effective than the chromic acid treatment. Combined treatment (NaIO₄ followed by CrO₃ application) was superior to all other treatments as no decay loss was 1.0% concentration of NaIO₄ for 20 h dip in B. ceiba and C. australis and 0.5% concentration of NaIO₄ for 20 h dip in P. deltoides.

Mondal, T.K.; Bhattacharya, Amita; Sharma, Madhu and Ahuja, P.S. 2001. Induction of in vivo somatic embryos from tea (Camellia sinensis) cotyledons. Current Science, 81(3): 297-300. Biotechnology Department, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, H.P., India; Biotechnology Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Tata Tea Ltd, Munnar 685612, India. [CLONES; SEED GERMINATION; SOMATIC EMBRYOS; TEA CULTIVATION]

                Somatic embryos were obtained in vivo from tea seed cotyledons of three important Indian tea cultivars on moist sterile sand. In vivo embryogenesis was influenced by the incubation temperature, time of seed collection and genotypes. Out of the three cultivars, UPASI-9 was the most responsive (23.3 ± 0.59) during September, followed by T-78 (16.5 ± 0.84) during October and Kangra Jat (11.7 ± 0.69) during November. However, among the three different temperature regimes (24, 28 and 32^oC), embryogenesis was noticed only at 28^oC for all the cultivars. Histological evidence confirms somatic embryogenesis.

Mukherjee, Barun K. and Sachan, Himanshu K. 2001. Discovery of coesite from Indian Himalaya: A record of ultra-high pressure metamorphism in Indian Continental Crust. Current Science, 81(10): 1358-1361. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, GMS Road, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal, India. [ECLOGITE; P-T ESTIMATION; RADIAL CRACKS; RAMAN SPECTRA]

                Coesite inclusions have been identified from eclogite in the Tso-Morari crystalline complex of Ladakh (India) by petrography and Raman spectroscopy. This is the first location from where coesite has been identified as inclusion in garnet in the Himalayan belt. The occurrence of coesite supports ultra-high pressure metamorphic event in the Indus Suture Zone. Coesite occurs as inclusion in garnet in which radial cracks are developed, whereas quartz pseudomorph after coesite occurs in the close association with garnet and omphacite. The preliminary P-T estimate revealed coesite formed at the minimum pressure of 28 kbars at 700-800^oC. The preservation of metastable coesite in eclogite is strongly regulated by P-T-t path during its uplift and retrograde metamorphism. This finding also indicates that the Indian plate subducted at a steeper angle of palaeosubduction plane from Pakistan to the Ladakh region of India.

Naithani, H.B. and Pal, Mohinder 2001. Identity and distribution of `Magar' bamboo Dendrocalamus somdevai in western Himalaya. The Indian Forester, 127(4): 474-476. Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India. [BAMBOO; DENDROCALAMUS HAMILTONII; GERMPLASM; HIMALAYA]

                During bamboo survey a species viz. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii distributed in western Himalaya called `Magar' in Himachal Pradesh was critically examined and found distinct from Dendrocalamus hamiltonii. It belongs to Dendrocalamus somdevai a species recently been described from Uttaranchal. This indicates that Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is distributed in Eastern India, Andhra Pradesh, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Vietnam. Dendrocalamus somdevai provides excellent fodder in winter. Its germplasm is available in the university of Palampur, Himachal Pradesh.

Narayan, Binita; Karunakaran, P.V. and Singh, D.K. 2001. Contribution to the bryoflora of Great Himalayan National Park, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh-I. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 265-278. Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun 248195, Uttaranchal, India. [HIMACHAL PRADESH; NATIONAL PARK; NUTRIENT CYCLING; SANCTUARY]

                The paper describes eight species of Bryophytes, viz. Homomallium simalaense (Mitt.) Broth., Frullaria muscicola St., Mnium cuspidatum Hedw., M. rostratum Shrad., P. caespitans (St.) Hatt., Porella gracillaima Mitt., Pseudoleskella catentula (Brid. ex Shrad.) Kindb. and Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr., from the Great Himalayan National Park, Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh.

Nautiyal, B.P.; Prakash, Vinay; Chauhan, R.S.; Purohit, Harish and Nautiyal, M.C. 2001. Assessment of germinability, Productivity and cost benefit analysis of Picrorhiza Kurrooa cultivated at lower altitudes. Current Science, 81(5): 579-585. High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, P.B.No 14, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246 174,India. [CROPPING PATTERN; ECONOMIC BENEFIT; MANURE DOSE; SEEDLING]

                Cultivation of Picrorhiza kurrooaRoyle ex Benth, a small creeping, highly medicinal and endangered species of alpine region was observed at comparatively lower altitude than its natural habitat.Germination was observed better inside polyhouse at 15-20^oC temperature in sandy soil with litter treatment and high-moisture content. Vegetative propagation was done succesfully through stolon segments bty using hormonal as wellas convenient and simple methods,viz. water-dip treatment and use of high-moisture trenches for rooting in cuttings, which can be easily used for cultivation purpose by local growers. Topsegments were found more suitable for multiplication.Yield measured in different landforms,i.e. raised and levelled grounds indicated that the latter was more suitable for better survival, growth and production.Similarly, intercroping with other economically beneficial plants was successfully observed and Foeniculum vulgare andSolanum tuberosum were recommended for intercropping. Forest litter was observed better for higher production by using broad-leaf variety and maximum production was estimated at Pothivasa (1092 kg/ha). For cultivation of P. kurrooa broad-leaf variety, forest litter treatment, levelled groundand intercropping with plants able to retain moisture in the soil for growing plants, and altitude of 2200 m were endorsed as best for higher production.Cost benefit analysis after third year of cultivation indicated benefits of Rs 87,600/ha based on maximum production. Thus the cultivation of P.kurrooa can provide not only an alternate income-generating resource, but can also provide the opportunity for self-employment.

Neupane, R.P. and Thapa, G.B. 2001. Impact of agroforestry intervention on farm income under the subsistence farming system of the middle hills, Nepal. Agroforestry Systems, 53(1): 31-37. Rural Development Gender and Resources Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, G.P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. [BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS; FARM INCOME; FODDER TREES; LAND DEGRADATION]

                Practices that minimize the rate of soil degradation, increase crop yields and raise farm income are key to sustaining agricultural productivity in the hills of Nepal. The use of farmland is undergoing rapid changes in response to increasing population pressure, deforestation and subsistence needs. Against this background, this study examined the impact of an agroforestry intervention project on farm income based on a sample of subsistence farm households in Dhadhing district. The project was implemented by Nepal Agroforestry Foundation in 1993/94 to increase fodder production through the promotion of agroforestry. A  total of 223 households (82 `with' project and 141 `without' project) were interviewed during May-October 1998 to collect information on production and agroforestrys' impact on farm income. The benefit-cost analysis showed that the agricultural system including agroforestry was more profitable than the conventional one. The results also showed that the introduction of mulberry trees for sericulture could further enhance the profitability of an agroforestry-based system. Thus, agroforestry has great potential for enhancing food production and farmers' economic conditions in a sustainable manner through its positive contributions to household income.

Pande, P.K. 2001. Litter nutrient dynamics of Shorea robusta gaertn. plantation at Doon Valley (Uttaranchal) India. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 980-994. Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh. [ECOSYSTEM; LEAF LITTER; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; ORGANIC MATTERS]

                Present paper deals with patterns in leaf fall, its accretion, decomposition, nutrient return, release and accumulation in Sal plantation of Doon valley. Leaf fall contributed 83.87% (8286.87 kg/ha/yr) to the total litter fall (11271 kg/ha/yr). The peak period of leaf fall was March-April (40-45%). In June-July heavy seed fall occurred. The value of decomposition constant (k) was 1.668 for leaf litter while it was 0.947 for twig litter. Higher values for decomposition rate was recorded during rainy season. Temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days and soil moisture is positively related with decomposition rate. Nutrient concentration is generally higher in leaf litter than of twig litter. Ca and N contributed higher proportion in total nutrient return, release and accumulation. In general, the magnitude of total nutrient return was in order to the total litter fall. The higher nutrient return was associated with higher litter fall and litter nutrient concentrations. Further, the order of importance  in terms of magnitude of nutrient return was Ca>N>Mg>K>P. The higher rate of return and release of nutrients were due to higher litter input and its subsequent decomposition. The higher release of N and Ca can be attributed to their higher returns. Significant variations in all the nutrients were noticed. N and P showed higher variations. These variations are also correlated with magnitude of leaf fall showing efficient biochemical cycling. The present mature Sal stand showed efficient nutrient cycling, which may due to the availability of nutrients, plant growth form, age and stature. The higher rate of litter production and its subsequent decomposition under tropical climate contributed  rapid turn-over of nutrients and affects the nutrient cycling, in cases, where growth period and uptake are not synchronized with leaf fall and its subsequent decomposition. Hence, during the raising the Sal plantations, it is advisable to mix the desired deciduous tree and shrub species at the initial phase of the plantation growth, so that higher returned nutrients can be conserved through absorption by the species of the other growth forms due to differences in their growth periods.

Pandey, Rajiv and Dhall, S.P. 2001. Jackknifing- A resampling procedure for bias reduction with special reference to forestry data. The Indian Forester, 127(3): 343-346. Statistical Brance, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P. [AGRO-FORESTRY; BIOMASS; DIVERSITY; LEAF AREA]

                By application of Jackknifing technique, a tool for bias reduction, an equation Ln V = -2.8554 + 1.4265 Ln dh, where V, d & h are volume, dbh and height respectively is obtained for volume prediction of Poplar tree.

Pandey, Seema and Dhami, K.S. 2002. Chemical composition and nutritive value of Oplismenus  compositus (Linn.) P. Beauv. The Indian Forester, 128(1): 91-94. Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttaranchal. [AMINO ACID; FODDER; NUTRITIVE VALUE; OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS]

                Samples of Oplismenus compositus collected from July to November were analysed for the detection and determination of protein, amino acids, sugars, fat and minerals. In early stages of growth, it was found to accumulate more fat, amino acids and minerals. Hence it is of maximum utility if used during that period. However, it may be used as fresh fodder up to November as well as harvested and stored for dry season.

Panwar, Pankaj and Bhardwaj, S.D. 2001. Nitrogen fixing trees for rehabilitation of limestone mine spoil. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 200-202. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, P.O. Nauni, Solan 173230, H.P. [BIOMASS; LIMESTONE MINE; NITROGEN FIXING; ROOT-SHOOT RATIO]

                The effect of forest soil (2.5 kg/pit) and mine spoil alone (control) on performance of three nitrogen fixing trees, viz., Acacia mollissima, Leucaena leucocephala and Robinia pseudoacacia in limestone mine has been studied. The study reveals that Robinia pseudoacacia gave maximum survival (97.92%), whereas, height growth was observed maximum (3.98 cm) in Acacia mollissima. The addition of forest soil positively influenced the survival, height and biomass of all the above species, however, diameter and root: shoot ratio was more in mine spoil alone (control).

Panwar, Vijendra P. and Sharma, Rajesh 2001. Nursery performance of exotic poplars under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The Indian Forester, 127(1): 44-50. Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, H.P., India. [COLLAR DIAMETER; EXOTIC; MID-HILL CONDITIONS; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                In search of Poplar clones superior than present commercial ones 63 clones of Populus deltoides and 5 clones of Populus x euramericana were tried in nursery under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh to test their suitability. The clones namely 181, L-75/84, L-71/84, PS-708,L-200/84, 110702 and Populus x euramericana were found to be the better performers in comparison to other clones under study. Further the growth trend in different seasons show that the maximum height and collar diameter growth of all better performer clones was attained during rainy season except the Populus x euramericana clone. The field performance of the best nursery performer clones is under investigation for their commercialization and large scale incorporation into future plantation programmes of mid-hills.

Patiram; Bhadauria, S.B.S. and Avasthe, R.K. 2001. Restoration of Sikkim Hill resources vis-a-vis watershed planning. The Indian Forester, 127(11): 1263-1273. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim; Conservator of Forests (FCA) Forest Department, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok, Sikkim; National Research Centre (Oil Palm) Eluru, Andhra Pradesh. [AGROECOSYSTEM; NATURAL RESOURCE; SIKKIM HILLS; WATERSHED]

                Geomorphologically Sikkim hills are the upper part of the catchment of teesta river and its tributaries. Till the beginning of 20th century, people of this state were self sufficient depending on agriculture and forest produce and were in complete harmony with nature. In the Second Millennium exponential growth of human population resulted in the degradation of natural resources to meet the demand of agricultural land for food requirement, pressure on pasture land to increasing livestock, infrastructure (road, city dwellers and other support services) development, and demand of mountain resources through market and tourism development. The Teesta and its tributaries are divided into many natural micro-watersheds by prominent streams, can be effectively utilized on integrated watershed basis to protect the natural resources (land, water, forest etc.) for the ecological balance of Sikkim hills. It is a multidisciplinary holistic approach to improve the living standard of people by diversifying mountain economy through amalgamation of local wisdom and latest scientific knowhow.

Prasad, Nupoor; Saran, Sameer; Kushwaha, S.P.S. and Roy, P.S. 2001. Fvaluation of various image fusion techniques and imaging scales for forest features interpretation. Current Science, 81(9): 1218-1224. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, 4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal, India. [LISS DATA; PAN DATA; PCS FUSION; REMOTE SENSING; SPECTRAL RESOLUTION]

                The paper presents an objective evaluation of three image fusion techniques for interpretation of forest features in Pathri Reserve Forest, Hardwar. The three fusion techniques based on principal component substitution (PCS), intensity-hue-saturation transformation (IHS)and Brovey's transformation were performed. The merged images were evaluated on three different scales, i.e. 1:50,000, 1:25,000 and 1:12,500. It was observed that PCS method of fusion presented the most suitable output, followed by Brovey's and IHS, respectively. Further, it was also observed that output from the PCS method contained better information for discrimination of forest stand types. For interpretation of non-forest area, i.e. grassland, agriculture, water bodies, IHS-based fusion was adjudged to be the best overall and maximum at the scale of 1:12,500. The study demonstrates higher capability of merged IRS LISS-III and PAN data products for differentiation and mapping of forest stands. 

Purohit, Aditya; Maikhuri, R.K.; Rao, K.S. and Nautiyal, S. 2001. Impact of bark removal on survival of Taxus baccata L. (Himalayan Yew) in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science, 81(5): 586-590. Sustainable Development of Rural Ecosystem, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Develoment, Garhwal Unit, P.B.92,Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, India; Sustainable Development of Rural Ecosystem, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, India. [BARK THICKNESS; BUFFER ZONE; SEEDLING; TAXUS BACCATA]

                The Himalayan yew (Taxus baccata L.) is widely but sparsely distributed along the cool temperate belt between 2600 and 3300 m asl of the Nanda Devi Bio-sphere Reserve(NDBR), Garhwal Himalaya. Traditionally, the bark of this plant is used for preparing beverages lcally called Namkin Chay, medicines and its wood as a timber in various regions of the Himalaya. However, due to its excessive collection for use in anti-tumour and anti-cancer drugs, the population of this species has been reduced to a large extent. A study carried out between April 1997 and October 2000 showed that the trees with averae girth of 10-90 cm were damaged through bark-stripping practices. The average consumption ad collection of the bark was estimated to be 1.7 kg/family/year in the buffer zonevillages of NDBR. It was noticed that the growth and survival of this species declined significantly when the bark was removed beyond a limit of average bark thickness (o.43cm). Since bark collection is abn important traditional activity and directly linked with the health and livelihood of the local people, it cannot be banned or stopped. It is suggested that if barkremoving practices are applied appropriately with minimum depth of 0.2-0.3 cm from around the circumference of the trees (>40 cm cbh trunk) in a scattered manner, there will be minimum harmfuleffect on growth and survival of the trees. This paper describes the indigenous uses of Taxus baccata, impact of bark removalon survival and appropriate strategies forconservation/ management of this species.

 Raina, A.K.; Jha, M.N. and Pharasi, S.C. 2001. Forest soil: Vegetation relationship in Mussoorie forest division (Uttaranchal). The Indian Forester, 127(8): 883-890. Forest Soil and Land Reclamation Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [FOREST COVER; ORGANIC MATTERS; SOIL FORMATION]

                Soil formation in relation to forest vegetation were studied in seven blocks of Raipur range of Mussoorie Forest Division,Uttaranchal (altitude 800 m to 2,000 m above msl). The physical and chemical attributes of the soils under different forest covers were related to various vegetational parameters. The results showed that organic matter content was generally higher in different forest vegetation at high altitudes than at lower ones. Cation exchange capacity of the soils of different profiles showed inconsistent trend. Illuviation of clay and sesquioxides had taken place in the B horizons of all the soils. Base saturation percentage in the surface horizons of all the profiles varied from 43.9 to 64.3, while the range in pH was from 5.5 to 6.8. As the clay illuviation was more pronounced in the profiles from Ringalgarh, Sripur and Dwara blocks, these soils appeared to be more developed than the soils of Ladpur, Raipur, Rajpur and Mahipur blocks.

 Rawal, R.S. and Dhar, Uppeandra 2001. Protected area network in Indian Himalayan region: Need for recognizing values of low profile protected areas. Current Science, 81(2): 175-184. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttaranchal, India. [BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; INDIAN HIMALAYA; PROTECTED AREA; WILDLIFE]

                In the aftermath of Convention on Biological Diversity and Caracas Congress on Parks (1992), maintenance and extension of the network of protected area (PAs) has received impetus across the globe. India has also responded positively in this context. The network of legally designated PAs and other conservation sites (CSs) in India comprise 614 units covering over 7.3% of the total geographical area. The Indian Himalayan region (IHR), on account of richness and uniqueness of biodiversity elements, is represented fairly well (15 national parks and 59 sanctuaries covering 9.6% of the geographical area) within the PA network of India. The paper reviews the existing state of PAs in the IHR and identifies various gaps therein. It highlights the existing disparity in ranking the importance of PAs, wherein value of the few of them are often over-emphasized while, several others with a relatively higher stake of biodiversity remain unnoticed. This trend adversely affects the maintenance of biodiversity elements which deserve immediate attention. The potentials of such low profile PAs in IHR are discussed through a detailed review of biophysical values of hitherto lesser known PA-Askot Wildlife Sanctuary-in Kumaun, West Himalaya. The paper calls for an introspection by all concerned and recommends that efforts are urgently needed for a thorough evaluation of existing PAs in the IHR to redefine priorities on the basis of their biodiversity attributes.

 Roy, Debjani and Mushahidunnabi, M. 2001. Courtship, mating and egg-laying in Tylototriton verrucosus from the Darjeeling district of the Eastern Himalaya. Current Science, 81(6): 693-695. Institute of Self Organizing Systems and Biophysics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India; Sri Aurobindo Institute of Indian Culture, P.O. Box 82, Shillong GPO, Shillong 793 001, India. [BREEDING SEASON; CLUTCH SIZE; EGG-LAYING; MATING]

                Tylotoriton verrucosus is confined to high altitudes of Eastern Himalaya. The present study on salamanders of Darjeeling district deals with courtship, mating and egg-laying in 46 pairs of T. verrucosus during May and June 1999, under natural and laboratory conditions. The animals show sexual dimorphism during the breeding season. Courtship and amplexus always take place at night. The courtship behabiour is in the form of a nuptial dance. The amplexus is ventral and the eggs are laid singly. The duration from courtship to egg-laying varies between pairs. Clutch size is positively correlated to the length and weitht of the female.

 Roy, P.S. and Tomar, S. 2001. Landscape cover dynamics pattern in Meghalaya. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 22(18): 3813-3825. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), NRSA, Dept. of Space, 4-Kalidas Road, P.B. 135, Dehradun 248001; Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Center IGCMC, WWF India, 172-B, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi 110003, India. [LAND-COVER; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE DATA; SHIFTING CULTIVATION]

                Human interventions in natural systems have resulted in large changes in vegetation composition and distribution patterns. The Land Use Change and Climate Change (LUCC) study under the International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) is a major initiative in this regard. Changes in land use and hence in vegetation cover, due to climatic change and human activity, affect surface water and energy budgets directly through plant transpiration, surface albedo, emissivity and roughness. They also affect primary production and, therefore, the carbon cycle. Thus there is a need for spatial and temporal characterization of vegetation cover at different scales, from the global and continental scale to the local patch scale. Satellite remote sensing provides detailed information regarding the spatial distribution and extent of land use changes in the landscape. Meghalaya, in north-east India, is one of the most important, biologically rich landscapes. Degradational activities, namely shifting cultivation, clear felling of forests for timber, and mining, have altered the natural landscape to a great extent. Because of these increased anthropogenic activities the natural landscape has been modified which has resulted in a fragmented landscape with poor species composition. These changes in the landscape were analysed using IRS 1A, 1B and Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data during the period 1980-1995. The vegetation type maps were prepared by a visual interpretation technique in order to study the land cover dynamics pattern in Meghalaya.

 Sagta, H.C. and Nautiyal, S. 2001. Variation in germination of Dalbergia sissoo roxb. seeds under different media and osmoconditions. The Indian Forester, 127(12): 1371-1376. Plant Physiology, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute,Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [DALBERGIA SISSOO; SEED GERMINATION; WATER POTENTIAL]

                The effect of media and osmocondition on seed germination was investigated in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. at nursery condition. Seeds were sown at 1 cm depth in plastic trays in 5 different media viz. coconut husk, garden soil, white quartz sand, sawdust and vermiculite. These media were maintained in 4 different osmoconditions (control, -0.118 atm., -0.353 atm and -1.235 atm) by the application of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The highly significant variation (P<0.01) was observed within the effect of midia, osmocondition and their two-factor interaction for germination percentage, germination value and mean germination time. Seeds under control watering in sawdust delineate highest germination percentage, germination value and minimum mean germination time, followed by the quartz sand under control watering. While minimum germination percentage, germination value and maximum mean germination time was observed for coconut husk under lower osmotic potential. The low osmocondition can check the germination per cent, germination value and increase the mean germination time of Dalbergia sissoo seeds. It is recommended that sawdust and white quartz media under normal watering at nursery condition are better for germination of Dalbergia sissoo seeds.

 Sahu, R.K. and Agarwal, V.K. 2001. Detection of seedborne fungi associated with the seeds of queen's grape myrtle  (Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Retz.). The Indian Forester, 127(12): 1348-1352. Centre of Advanced Studies in Plant Pathology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttaranchal, India. [BLOTTER METHOD; SEED EXTRACTION; SEED-BORNE FUNGI]

                A total of thirteen fungi namely Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Curvularia clavata, C. lunata, Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, F. pallidoroseum, Penicillium aurintiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. purpurogenum, Phomopsis sp. and Schizophyllum commune were found associated with the seeds the seeds of Queen's grape myrtle. These fungi have been recovered from the surface sterilized seeds by agar plate and blotter method. All fungi constitute new records for this host in India. Simultaneously, except Aspergillus flavus all other constitute new record for the world as well. Agar plate method yielded more fungal species than the blotter method.

Saini, R.P. 2001. Vegetative propagation in silviculture (Hills) Division, Darjeeling (West Bengal). The Indian Forester, 127(3): 389-408. D.F.O., Working Plan (North) Division, Darjeeling West Bengal, India. [BROAD-LEAVED; FUNGICIDE; SEEDLING]

                Over the years, after the futile attempts to develop methods of long-term storage of recalcitrant seeds, vegetative propagation by shoot cutting, root cutting and grafting got developed as a viable option. Multiplication of seedling material asexually generates clonal material allowing not only seed problems to be solved to an extent but also gives an opportunity for genetic election. The basic requirement for all plant propagation is to increase plants with desirable traits, with vegetative propagation plant which breed true type can be increased. As an important aspect to Tree Improvement Programme, vegetative propagation by grafting and cutting in the specially designed mist chambers and glasshouses in all the nurseries of Silviculture (Hill) Division, Darjeeling (West Bengal) were undertaken since 1992. A high percentage of success in clonal propagation for major hill species has been achieved. The details of all such endeavours have been elucidated in this article.

 Samant, S.S.; Dhar, U. and Rawal, R.S. 2001. Diversity, rarity and economic importance of wild edible plants of West Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 256-264. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development,Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttaranchal, India. [CONSERVATION; DIVERSITY; MANAGEMENT; WILD EDIBLE PLANT]

                West Himalaya supports rich plant diversity of ethnobotanical importance. The native communities use this rich diversity in various forms. In the present study an inventory of 344 species of wild edibles belonging to 219 genera and 117 families was made and information on taxonomic description, life forms, method of propagation, utilization, etc., was gathered. These edibles were analyzed for diversity, sensitivity and economic value. The maximum diversity (159:46.22%) exists in the zone 1001-2000 m and lowest (19:5.53%) in the zone 4001-5000 m. Thirty two species (9.30%) fall under rarity class 1, 31 (9.01%) under rarity class 2, indicating their threatened status and 161 (46.80%) under rarity class 8 suggesting availability of a large resource base for the sustainable utilization of the inhabitants. Thirty four species are source of income generation and 26 species are of multiple utility. Conservation and management of these species is focused.

 Sangode, S.J.; Bloemendal, J.; Kumar, R. and Ghosh, S.K. 2001. Plio-Pleistocene pedogenic changes in the Siwalik palaeosols:A rock magnetic approach. Current Science, 81(4): 387-392. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, P.B.74, Dehradun 248 001,India; Deparment of Geography,University of Liverpool,Liverpool, L697ZT, UK. [GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; MAGNETIC SATURATION; REMANENT MAGNETIZATION; SUB-TROPICAL]

                Thirty-one pedogenic horizons of the Upper Siwalik (Plio-Pleistocene) sequence near Haripur, Himachal Pradesh (HP) in NW Himalaya are studied using rock magnetic properties to investigate their climatic and stratigraphic significance. The palaeosols are characterized by low initial susceptibility (c_If- mean=9x10^-8 m³/kg), high coercivity of remanence (B_ocr-mean=447 mT), and low frequency-dependent susceptibility (X_fd-max=6%) as a result of predominance of the canted-antiferromagnetic minerals of SD-PSD range. Stepwise acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) to a forward field of 7000 mT and backfield of 1000 mT indicates the presence of high coercivity minerals (geothite and hematite). Rock magnetic properties of pedogenic levels are inferred with reference to parental horizon of each palaeosol profile. Based on selective saturation levels of induced magnetic field, inorganic and organic carbon content and Rb/Sr ratios, new parameters are attempted to infer the relative variation in pedogenic changes of oxidation, hydroxylation and humification. These parameters record dynamic changes in the soil development processes of the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin, suitable for high-resolution stratigraphic correlations and reconstruction of climate change during the Plio-Pleistocene time.

 Sangode, S.J.; Kumar, Rohtash and Ghosh, S.K. 2001. Application of magnetic fabric studies in an ancient fluvial sequence of NW Himalaya. Current Science, 81(1): 66-71. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal, India. [INDO-GANGETIC FORELAND; MAGNETIC FABRIC; TECTONIC IMPULSE]

                We report here an account of sedimentary magnetic fabrics in 44 channel sand-bodies of a Siwalik fluvial sequence (6 to 0.5 Ma) near Nahan, Himachal Pradesh. These sandstones in distal alluvial fan-setting record oblate fabrics (T_mean=0.51) and relatively higher degree of anisotropy (Pj_mean=1.05). The minimum axis (K3) of the anisotropy ellipsoid is aligned parallel to the palaeoflow direction by traction carpet mechanism. Variations with time of latitudes derived from azimuth of principle ellipsoid axes show a greater sensitivity to the basin tectonic impulses with smaller response time than conventional methods. This signifies the scope of magnetic fabric techniques for palaeo-hydrodynamic and basin tectonic studies in the Indo-Gangetic foreland of Himalaya.

 Sarin, M.M. 2001. Biogeochemistry of Himalayan rivers as an agent of climate change. Current Science, 81(11): 1446-1450. Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India. [CLIMATE CHANGE; ORGANIC MATTERS; TDS]

                Uplift of the Himalaya, intensification of the Asian monsoon and increased erosion from the Himalayan orogen are all intimately coupled and reflected in the transport of weathering products to the ocean by the large rivers, namely the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Chang Jiang and Irrawady^1-6. In recent years, several studies have focused on the coupling between continental weathering rates and changes in atmospheric CO₂ budget. Because the atmospheric CO₂ reservoir is relatively small and CO₂ gets converted to bicarbonate anion (HCO₃) and is balanced by dissolved cation from the silicate/carbonate rocks; it is likely that this reservoir is sensitive to changes induced by chemical weathering rates. In such a scenario, increased chemical weathering and associated CO₂ consumption rates in the Himalayan rivers could alter the atmospheric CO₂ levels and hence the global climate. Both oceanic and terrestrial evidence points to a marked, progressive period of intense cooling of global climate over the geologic past. Existing-models of the global CO₂ cycle do not include detailed consideration of such tectonically-driven enhanced chemical weathering. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the present-day CO₂ consumption rates by chemical weathering processes in the Himalaya, based on newer data, and their implications to long-term climate change.

 Sastry, G. and Sharma, S.K. 2001. Characterisation of outer Himalayan watersheds and management strategies for moderated and sustained stream flow regimes. The Indian Forester, 127(3): 325-342. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, A.P.; Central Soil & Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [LANDSLIDE; NATURAL RESOURCE; WATER CONSERVATION; WATERSHED MANAGEMENT]

                The Himalayas cover an area of about 50 million ha and there been a very rapid increase in the developmental activities. A near exponential population growth has placed a further heavy demand on already limited natural resources. Debris load production from steam banks, land slides and mine waste causes in-equilibrium in stream flow regimes and further cause extensive damage to life and peoperty in the valley lands. The paper deals with - (a) determination of Himalayan Watershed Characteristics and assessment of relative erosion proneness and torrent formation, (b) to establish relationships between channel morphological parameters with drainage area and channel length upstream, and (c) to evaluate the performance of the management strategies in the reduction of runoff and debris load production rates. The studies conducted clearly indicate that - (a) bed material size increased up to about one-fourth to one-third of the length of torrent and decreased, thereafter, which is attributed to both colluvial and gravitational forces. (b) an inverse relationship exist between channel width and local bed slope, (c) the reclamation measured reduce runoff from almost 55 per cent to 33 per cent and debris load from near 550 tonnes/ha/year to 8.0 tonnes/ha/yr. When conservation measures are implemented scientifically then it would not only reduce runoff and debris load but also improve dry weather flow and sustain for a longer period i.e., from 100 days to 240 days.

 Saxena, Ruchi and Nautiyal, Subhash 2001. Effect of water stress on the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of Pinus roxburghii sarg. of different seed-sources at seedling stage. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 1033-1042. Plant Physiology, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal. [PINUS ROXBURGHII; SEEDLING; WATER STRESS]

                The effect of water stress on the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) were studied under controlled glass house conditions. The total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents decreased with increasing water stress in all seed sources. Gaucher seed sources showed maximum values for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, while the ratio of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was maximum for the Sankri seed source.

 Saxena, Ruchi and Nautiyal, Subhash 2001. Variation in growth and survival of five seed-sources of Pinus roxburghii sarg. under various stages of water stress. The Indian Forester, 127(5): 563-574. Plant Physiology, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India. [COLLAR DIAMETER; PINUS ROXBURGHII; SEEDLING]

                Five seed-sources of Pinus roxburghii were evaluated for their water stress tolerance behaviour. The water stress was developed by with holding watering at daily, weekly, fortnightly and monthly interval. Overall, the growth and survival of the seedlings of all the seed-sources decreased with increasing water stress. The survival percentage was generally unaffected upto weekly watering interval at initial stages (upto two months) however, it started deelining afterwards at fortnightly and monthly watering intervals in all the seed-sources. Compared to Sankri, Uttarkashi and Tehri seed source, Gaucher and Mussoorie showed 100% survival at monthly watering interval in the month of September. It has generally been observed that Chir pine is moderately drought tolerant species and could be grown under stress sites without watering upto one month, but it needs irrigation or rainwater in the subsequent months, otherwise, casualties may occur in the plantations. Overall, Uttarkashi, Gaucher and Mussoorie seed-sources were found better in growth as well as for dry matter production as compared to Sankri and Tehri seed-sources.

 Sharma, C.M.; Ghildiyal, S.K. and Nautiyal, D.P. 2001. Plus tree selection and their seed germination in Pinus roxburghii from Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 48-52. Department of Forestry, HNB Garhwal University, P.B. No. 76, Srinagar, Garhwal 246174, Uttaranchal, India. [DIAMETER; GARHWAL HIMALAYA; PINUS ROXBURGHII; SEED GERMINATION]

                The plus selection and seed germination in Pinus roxburghii was done by selecting superior provenances from different localities of Garhwal Himalaya. The PCT's were selected on the basis of minimum selection standards and superiority per cent methods. The seeds of plus trees were germinated at 25^oC in a germinator after treating them with distilled water, H₂O₂ and GA₃ separately. The highest seed germination percentage (100%) was recorded in CPT No.-8 (Kalimath provenance) and particularly in the seeds those were treated with distilled water and H₂O₂.However, in GA₃ the highest germination percentage (94% was recorded in Godnar (CPT No.4) and Vana (CPT No. -21) provenances.

 Sharma, D.K. and Sharma, I.M. 2001. In Himachal Pradesh - Apply boron for higher yield in cole crops. Indian Horticulture, 46(1): 7-8. Regional Research Station, Dr Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bajaura, H.P., India. [AGRO-CLIMATIC; COLE CROPS; CULTIVATION; HIGHER YIELD]

                Cultivation of cole crops - cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, broccoli, Brussels' sprouts and Chinese cabbage - has become highly remunerative in Himachal Pradesh. It is due to favourable agroclimatic conditions. Further introduction of high-yielding varieties/hybrids and taking the successive cultivation of these crops by adopting improved cultural practices usually deplete the nutrients from the soil and consequently causes deficiency symptoms/physiological disorders. Therefore, their management is an urgent need.

 Sharma, I.M. and Bhardwaj, S.S. 2001. Canker and die-back of Robinia pseudocacia Linn.- A new emerging disease in Himachal Pradesh. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 1025-1032. Regional Horticulture Research Station, Bajaura, Kullu, H.P. [DIAMETER; FUNGI; ROBINIA PSEUDOCACIA; SOIL MOISTURE]

                Canker and die-back disease in Black locust (Robinia pseudocacia) was identified to be caused by two different strains of Fusarium oxysporum and its incidence ranged between 27-35 per cent in different localities of district Kullu and Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Detailed symptomatology and preliminary studies on epidemiology and control have been discussed.

Sharma, J.R. and Das, Kanad 2001. Mycological trip to Pindari Glacier. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 239-244. Botanical Survey of India, 192, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248195, Uttaranchal, India. [FUNGI; MACROFUNGAL DIVERSITY; PINDARI GLACIER]

                Macrofungal diversity observed during a survey tour to pindari Glacier in the month of September-October 1999, has been described. About 24 collections of fungi belonging to 13 species of the family Russulaceae are also described in brief.

 Sharma, R.C. and Sharma, Sanjeev 2001. Reaction of poplar germplasm to Cladosporium leaf spot. The Indian Forester, 127(2): 160-162. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P., India. [EXOTIC; FUNGICIDE; GERMPLASM; LEAF SPOT]

                Populas ciliata, an indigenous species is widely distributed in Western Himalayas and is attacked by large number of pathogens. Cladosporium humile, the incitant of leaf spot causes defoliation of great magnitude to Ciliata in nurseries and plantations. During 1997-98, an defoliation of great magnitude of Ciliata in nurseries and plantations. During 1997-98, and experiment was conducted to assess 42 clones/species/hybrids of Populus species against C.humile. Out of 24 clones of P. ciliata, none was found disease free. Eight clones were rated as susceptible while rest were highly susceptible. All other 18 hybrids/clones of P. deltoides, P. robusta, P. yunnanensis, P. trichocarpa, P. eugenii, P. oxford, P. gwayder and P. regenerata were found to be immune.

 Sharma, R.C.; Kaushal, A.N. and Panwar, S.C. 2002. Drying of desi katha at different temperatures, relative  humidity levels and in bry-air dehumidifier. The Indian Forester, 128(1): 84-90. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. [DESI KATHA; MOISTURE CONTENT; RELATIVE HUMIDITY]

                Drying of `desi' katha at six different temperatures, nine relative humidity levels and in Bry-air dehumidifier was studied. Drying was rapid at 30^oC but katha characteristics were maintained well when drying was executed at 5 or 10^oC. The duration of drying period was longer at 5^oC as compared to drying to 30^oC. Drying at 40 per cent relative humidity took 50 days as compared to 125 days at 80 per cent relative humidity to achieve the desired moisture content. In Bry-Air dehumidifier, it took only 7 days to achieve the desired moisture content in desi katha as compared to 45 days under traditional factory conditions.

 Sharma, Sanjeev; Sharma, R.C. and Sharma, J.N. 2001. Morphological variability in Melampsora ciliata - The incitant of poplar leaf rust. The Indian Forester, 127(2): 242-248. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P., India. [CLIMATIC ZONES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                Variation in the dimensions of urediniospores of Melampsora ciliata harvested from different poplar species grown under different environmental conditions has been observed in the present investigations. Smallest urediniospores (20.88 x 15.43 mm) produced on P. ciliata were recorded at Rahla (Zone III) while largest (36.30 x 19.97 mm) were recorded at Raison (Zone II). urediniospores  produced on P. deltoides and P. nigra were smaller in size at Nauni and Raison (Zone II), while larger spores on these species were recorded at Shoghi and Tapri (Zone III). Spores produced in pustules of P. alba at Spillo were smaller as compared to those produced at Reckong Peo. Irrespective of the host genotype and climatic zone, smallest urediniospores were produced on P. alba.

 Silori, C.S. 2001. Status and distribution of anthropogenic pressure in the the buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in western Himalaya, India. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(7): 1113-1130. Wildlife Institute of India, P.B. No. 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001; Present address: Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, 106 GSFC Township, Fertilizer Nagar, Vadodara 391750, Gujarat, India. [BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION; FODDER LOPPING; NANDA DEVI BIOSPHERE RESERVE; PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION]

                Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) (2236.74 km²), extending over three civil districts  viz, Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Almora of the state of Uttar Pradesh, is an important protected area of the western Himalaya owing to its rich biological and cultural diversity. The human (n=1856) and livestock population (n=7785) of 19 settlements in the buffer zone as well as seasonal grazing by 15000-20000 migratory sheep and goats were the major sources of anthropogenic pressure in the reserve. The intensity of wood-cutting and lopping of a total of 35 sampled woody species was assessed in the buffer zone as parameters of anthropogenic pressure. Anthropogenic pressure showed restricted distribution due to the sparse location of human settlements and seasonal use of biomass resources by majority of the inhabitants, who live a trans-humane lifestyle. Intensive wood-cutting was limited to within 2 km radius of human settlements while tree lopping was mainly done by the migratory shepherds around timber-line (3600-3800 m). Of the total cut trees, the proportion of 20-60 cm girth class cut trees was recorded more. The regeneration percentage of tree species was higher in Chamoli and Pithoragarh sectors as compared to the Almora sector of the buffer zone. Fuelwood plantation in the degraded lands around villages through people's participation, introduction of alternate fuel devices and employment opportunities have been suggested to minimize the dependence of local people on biomass resources and ensure the biodiversity conservation in the NDBR.

 Singh, Balbir; Nayyar, Harsh and Kaushal, S.K. 2001. Response of juvenile culm cuttings of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii needs & ex munro) to plant growth regulators. The Indian Forester, 127(9): 995-1000. Department of Plant Physiology, HPKV, Palampur, H.P., India. [BAMBOO; CULM CUTTING; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND ROOTING]

                Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees and ex Munro, a versatile Bamboo of H.P. shows limitation in mass propagation through vegetative method using culm cuttings due to low rooting. Application of auxins (IBA, NAA) and Phenols (Gallic acid, Resorcinol and Vanallic acid) in various doses and duration caused dose specific stimulation in sprouting, rooting, rhizome formation and survival of its one year old culm cuttings planted in March.

Singh, Charan and Kumar, Shailendra 2001. Toxicity of insecticides on cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Nonctuidae) A pest of Paulownia fortunei in Paonta valley. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 29-31. Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla 171001 (H.P.). [COLLAR DIAMETER; INSECTICIDES; SOIL FUMIGANT]

                An experiment was conducted on comparative toxicity of two soil fumigants namely furadan EG and phorate 10G tocontrol cut worm attack on Paulownia plants. on preliminary observationaverage number oflarvae/m² before treatment of two fumigants @ 10g/m², 20g/m²and 30 g/m² respectively was found 5.75±1.63,6.25±2.04 &4.74±1.47and 5.25±1.29.6.50±1.11 & 5.00±1.58 respectively (total average number in experimental plot was 5.53±1.59m²). First dose of these two soil fumigants @ 10g/m², 20 g/m²and 30 g/m²was applied at the time of planting of root cutings with second application of same dose in same pattern at the time of sprouting ofcutting, i.e., after 30 days of first dose. After one month from initiation of sprouts the number of larvae m² in beds treated with furadan 3 G and phorate 10G was calculated 3.75±1.08,1.25±0.43, 2.25±0.83 and 3.25±0.82, 1.75±0.43, 1.50±0.50 respectively,and mortality percentage of plants was recorded 31.25,23.43, 25.00 and 28.13, 18.75 and 20.31 respectively. Results of this experiment showed that phorate 10 @ 20 g/m² is more effective and comparatively more suitable tan furadan 3G to reduce the epidemic of this insect pest at nursery stage without hampering the usual growth of plants.

Singh, E.N.; Nungchim, A.; Singh, S.S. and Tiwari, S.C. 2001. Influence of Tectona grandis and Duabanga grandiflora on soil properties in humid tropics of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(2): 135-142. Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India. [ARUNACHAL PRADESH; PLANTATION; SOIL PROPERTIES; TECTONA GRANDIS]

                The present study reports the influence of Tectona grandis (Teak) and Duabanga grandiflora (Kokhon) plantations on physical, chemical biochemical and microbiological properties of soil. Statistical analysis of data has revealed that there was a general trend of improvement of soil properties in both the plantation sites over control. However, between two plantations kokhon plantation resulted in greater improvement on soil properties such as bulk density, water holding capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities, litter dry mass production and release of nitrogen from the litter. This indicate that the continued maintenance of kokhon plantation over a period of 20 years has little or no adverse effect on soil properties.

Singh, N.B.; Kumar, Dinesh; Rawat, G.S. and Gupta, R.K. 2001. Establishment of breeding orchard of Populus deltoides bartr. The Indian Forester, 127(1): 3-10. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [BREEDING ORCHARD; POLLINATION; POPULUS DELTOIDES]

                In order to maximise the chances of inter-population and intra-population open-pollination in Populus deltoides, a breeding orchard has been established at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. The orchard will also provide reproductive buds for undertaking control-pollination among promising clones of this species. Seventeen female clones and 25 male clones have been planted in the orchard. Eight outstanding clones, which are yet to manifest their sex, have also been included in the orchard.

 Singh, Sanjay and Singh, S.P. 2001. A comparative study of herb foliage physiognomy in Central Himalayan Forests. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 12-17. Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur 482021; Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, India. [BROAD-LEAVED; CENTRAL HIMALAYA; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION; FOREST ECOSYSTEM]

                The present study pertains to leaf physiognomical aspects of predominant growth forms in herbaceous layer of some Central Himalayan forests of different composition. Erect forms, umbrella-like forms and basal leaf forms are the main non-graminoid herb growth forms. These were compared for a set of predetermined parameters related mainly to plant height and leaf characteristics. The findings highlight adaptational strategies of these forms manifested in varying patterns of plant height, stem form, branching, leaf conformations, arrangement and inclination.

 Singh, V.N. and Upadhyay, A.K. 2001. Volume tables for G48 and D121 clones of Populus deltoides for the tarai and bhabhar region of Uttaranchal. The Indian Forester, 127(1): 21-29. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [CLONES; POPULUS DELTOIDES; UTTARANCHAL]

                In this paper regression equations for volume and height of two clones of Poplar viz. G48 and D121 grown in the forest land of the Tarai and Bhabhar region of U.P. have been developed. Based on them the volume tables of these two clones have been prepared.

 Sundriyal, Manju and Sundriyal, R.C. 2001. Seed germination and response of stem-cuttings to hormonal treatment in six priority wild edible fruit species of Sikkim Himalaya. The Indian Forester, 127(6): 695-706. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, North East Unit, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India. [AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM; BIOTIC PRESSURE; EDIBLE FRUITS; SEED GERMINATION; SIKKIM HIMALAYA]

                The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study germination and vegetative propagation of six most preferred wild edible fruit species, which bear maximum biotic pressure in natural habitats in the Sikkim Himalaya. All the species had fairly good seed germination (70-100%) except for Baccaurea sapida(34-50%). Seeds of Spondias axillaris showed viability up to 390 days, Machilus edulis 250 days, B. sapida 150-180 days, Eleagnus latifolia 70 days and Diploknema butyracea 50 days. Observations on stem sprouting and rooting were made in different seasons after treating stem cuttings with growth hormones, and it varied significantly among species. For Diploknema butyracea, 75% stem cutting recorded sprouted while for Eriolobus indica and Eleagnus latifolia only <40% stem cuttings sprouted. Increased concentration of IAA, IBA and NAA adversely affected sprouting of all the species. No sprouting was recorded for Machilus edulis and Baccaurea sapida in any treatment as well as in control set. It was recorded that though the spcies have good germination at nursery condition, the plant dwellers collect maximum fruits from all accessible locations from wild forest stands. To conserve species from over-exploitation, these species need to be included in afforestation programmes and in agroforestry systems so that farmers may get better economic returns from them, at the same time species may be protect in natural habitats.

 Sundriyal, Manju and Sundriyal, R.C. 2001. Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species. Economic Botany, 55(3): 377-390. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, North East Unit, Vivek Vihar, Itanagar 791113, Arunachal Pradesh, India. [MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; PROXIMATE ANALYSIS; SIKKIM HIMALAYA; WILD EDIBLE PLANT]

                The wild edible plants form and important constituent of traditional diets in the Himalaya. In the Sikkim Himalaya a total of 190 species have been screened as edible species out of which nearly 47 species come to the market. The present paper deals with nutritive values of 27 most commonly consumed wild edible plants in the Sikkim Himalaya. Of 27 plant species that were analyzed for their nutritive values, 22 were edible for their fruits and five for leaves/shoots. Among different plant parts, generally higher nutrient concentration was recorded for leaves, followed by new shoots and fruits. For different species the crude fiber content ranged between 2.15-39.90%, and the total soluble salts between 4.66-21.0%, and the vitamin C content from 6-286 mg/100g. The fat content was determined high in the fruits of Castanopsis species, Machilus edulis, and Cinnamomum species, while the protein content was highest in Hippophae rhamnoides, Cucumis melo, and Eleagnus latifolia. The total carbohydrate content ranged from 32-88% in the fruits of various wild edibles, the reducing sugar from 1.25-12.42%, total sugar from 2.10-25.09%, the lignin content varied from 9.05-39.51%, the hemicellulose between 25.63-55.71% and cellulose content varied from 9.57-33.19% in different species. Among the various macronutrients estimated in the plant samples of different wild edible species, nitrogen was present in highest quantity, followed by potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium. Micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper coontents were analyzed in different plant parts of various wild edible species. The iron content was higher in leaves and new shoots. The study shows that wild edible plants are good source of nutrient for rural population, and also well comparable with various commercial fruits. It is suggested that a few wild edible species need to be grown for commercial cultivation and adopted in the traditional agroforestry systems, which will lead to reduced pressure on them in natural forest stands as well as producing economic benefits for poor farmers.

 Tandon, Kavita; Khan, S.N. and Singh, Punam Kumari 2001. Effect of toxic metabolites of seed-borne fungi on germination of Albizia procera. Indian Journal of Forestry, 24(1): 88-89. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [FLORA; SEED GERMINATION; SEED-BORNE FUNGI; TOXICITY]

                Effect of toxic metabolites of five fungi isolated from seeds of Albizia procera, viz., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp. and Alternaria alternata was studied on seed germination. Seed germination was greatly influenced by fungal metabolites. The reduction in seed germination may be ascribed to toxic substances secreted by test fungi. The fungi vary in their potentiality, viz.,Alternaria alternata (34.30%) as highly potent followed by A. niger (30.30%). Fusariu sp. (26.60%), and Aspergillus flavus (25.00%) proved to be equally potent and Cladosporium cladosporioides (10.00%) as the least potent of all.

 Tewari, V.C. 2001. Discovery and sedimentology of microstromatolites from Menga Limestone (Neoproterozoic/Vendian), Upper Subansiri district,Arunachal Pradesh, NE Himalaya, India. Current Science, 80(11): 1440-1444. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248001, Uttaranchal, India. [ARUNACHAL PRADESH; DOLOMITE; MENGA LIMESTONE; MICROSTROMATOLITES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS]

                Microstromatolites and filamentous cyanobacteria have been discovered from cherty limestone facies of Menga Limestone well exposed along Menga-Mara road section of Upper Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh, NE Himalaya, India. The microstromatolites are mm size in dimension and show well-developed cycles of columnar overhanging, enveloping and conical structures in petrographic thin sections. The other characteristic features of microstromatolitic facies are fibrous radial fabric, zoned dolomite, recrystallized oolites and intraclasts. These microbial facies suggest that sedimentation is controlled by microbial mats in extensive tidal flat complex where photosynthesis was taking place. The deposition took place mainly in subtidal to intertidal zone and the influx of coarser sediments indicates high-energy intertidal environment. The Menga Limestone is regionally correlated with Dedza Formation in the Arunachal Pradesh. The Bomdila Group with Lower Tenga Formation and Upper Dedza Formulation has been correlated with Daling Buxa Formation of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya by earlier workers. A Riphean/Mesoproterozoic age is assigned to these carbonates. The stromatolitic assemblage is characterized by Vendain or Neoproterozoic build-ups of Stratifera and Nucliella only in the present area. The present discovery of microstromatolites and the complete absence of Riphean assemblage from the Menga Limestone suggest a Vendian/Terminal Neoproterozic age for the Menga-Dedza/Buxa Dolomite of NE Himalaya.

Tulachan, P.M. 2001. Mountain agriculture in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. Mountain Ressearch and Development : 260-267. Mountain Farming Systems Division, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal. [COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; FARMING SYSTEMS; FOODGRAIN; HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA; HORTICULTURE; LIVESTOCK]

                In order to better understand the state of mountain agriculture, this article analyzes trends for 3 integral components of mountain farming systems-production of foodgrain crops, horticultural and cash crops, and livestock-using time series data published by national government in 5 Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) countries. Results show that, although the area under foodgrain crops has not increased, their yields have not declined as much as is often perceived. In some cases crop productivity has increased. This evidently implies that mountain farmers are maintaining productivity of foodgrain crops for food security reasons. Results also suggest increasing trends in crop diversification toward horticultural and cash crops. Present trends in rapid expansion of areas under these crops indicate the growing importance of horticultural and cash crops in mountain farming systems and the household economy across the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. These trends have positive implications for the future development of mountain agriculture in terms of harnessing mountain niches and comparative advantages. In the livestock sector, there is a general decline in the cattle population across the HKH. Trends indicate the possibility of greater development of smallholder dairies with improved buffaloes in the Himalayan subtropics. The number of stall-fed buffaloes and goats is rising with increased use of external inputs and purchased feed, thus contributing positively to food security and nutrition in mountain households.

 Tyagi, P.C.; Joshi, B.P.; Sharma, N.K. and Khullar, A.K. 2001. Perennial pigeonpea as a vegetative barrier for protection and production in millet-lentil cropping systems. The Indian Forester, 127(4): 423-430. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM; CROPPING SYSTEM; SOIL EROSION]

                To evolve a promising cropping system which reduced run-off, soil loss, and increases total production under marginal rainfed lands of Doon Valley and lower Himalayan region, ragilentil and kodomillet-lentil systems with and without vegetative barriers were constructed and tested at 2% sloping experimental field. The treatments were monitored for run-off, soil loss and production parameters. It was observed that incorporation of perennial Pigeonpea hedge rows in the cropping systems reduced the run-off and soil loss but significantly increased total production and net returns.

 Uniyal, D.P.; Verma, S.K. and Chauhan, Anita 2001. Clonal variation in rooting responses of juvenile cuttings of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.). The Indian Forester, 127(9): 1012-1018. Division of Genetics and Tree Propagation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal. [CLONAL VARIATION; PINUS ROXBURGHII; STEM CUTTING]

                The peper summarizes the results of rooting of juvenile cuttings of Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.). Cuttings emanating from 9 clones of P. roxburghii. (UPTSB-14 (Bhasla), HPSNR-5 (Nurpur), UPBER-5 (Berinag), UPKAL-10 (Kaligarh), UPPAT 1094 (Patwadangar), UPTSS-3 Sikanderdhar), UPDNH-770 (Dhanari), UPBER-368 (Berinag) and UPDNH-81 (Dhanari) were treated with different concentrations of IBA viz. 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4000 ppm and planted in vermiculite under mist condition. Significant differences in rooting percentage and other root parameters were observed between the clones. Among the four concentrations of IBA tried, 4000 ppm proved to be the best. 100% rooting was observed in three clones viz. UPTSB-14, UPKAL-10 and UPPAT-1094.

 Uniyal, Kamla 2001. Incidence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecologically restored mined area of Doon Valley. The Indian Forester, 127(6): 690-694. Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India. [FUNGI; SEEDLING; SOIL ANALYSIS]

                The paper reports the occurrence of AM fungi in ecologically restored phosphate mined area at Maldevta in Doon Valley (Uttaranchal). 11 host species represented by 4 tree species, 4 shrubs and 3 grasses were screened for association of AM fungi and roots were assessed for colonization. 12 species of Glomus, 2 species of Gigaspora, 1 species of Acaulospora, 1 species of Scutellospora and 2 species of Sclerocystis were isolated and identified. Most samples had 3-5 different AM species. The spore density varied from 16-165 spores/100 g of soil. Glomus macrocarpum, G. caladonium, G. constrictum, G. mosseae and G. reticulatum were common among which G. macrocarpum was dominant. Root colonization varies 15 to 72 per cent.

 Uniyal, Kamla; Singh, Ajab and Pandey, Rajiv 2001. Leaf blight of poplar and its control. The Indian Forester, 127(12): 1394-1396. Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [CHINA CLONE; FUNGICIDE; INFECTION INDEX; LEAF BLIGHT]

                Survey for forest diseases revealed 70-100 per cent infection in two China clones and one Korean clone of Poplar. Phyllosticta adjuncta was recorded causing leaf blight and premature leaf fall in nursery. Dithane M-45 and Radomil were found effective to control the disease in nursery.

 Upadhyay, Rajeev 2001. Middle Cretaceous carbonate build-ups and volcanic seamount in the Shyok suture, Northern Ladakh, India. Current Science, 81(6): 695-699. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 226007, India. [CARBONATE BUILD-UPS; FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGE; LADAKH; SHYOK SUTURE]

                Along the Shyok suture zone in northern India, a 200 m thick limestone succession has been identified as a carbonate platform margin with build-ups. This limestone succession is directly overlying volcanic rocks of island arc affinity. The partly recrystallized reefal limestone which rests on a volcanic seamount or ridge contains abundand rudists, corals, gastropods, algae and a rich orbitolinids assemblage of Late Aption-Early Albian age. This faunal assemblage reflects a shallow water tropical environment for the carbonate build-ups and also shows a close affinity with those recorded from the Yasin Group in north-western Pakistan. The presence of Late Aptain Horiopleurea, Radiolitidae and different forms of Orbitolinae and other microfaunal assemblage in the reefal limestone, dates the udderlying volcanic edifice as Middle Cretaceous or older. Rudists, nerineids, coral and foraminifers of Lower Cretaceous age are widely distributed as a feefal framework all along the tropical and sub-tropical Euro-African-Asiatic regions of the norther margin of the Tethys. However, prior to our findings, the Cretaceous carbonate build-ups associated with submarine volcanism have only been reported in the Caribbean, Sicily in Italy, Yasin in Pakistan and from dredged samples from a sea-mount in the central Pacific region.

 Valdiya, K.S. 2001. Reactivation of terrane-defining boundary thrusts in central sector of the Himalaya: Implications. Current Science, 81(11): 1418-1431. Geodynamics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India. [DETACHMENT THRUST; EPICENTRE; TEAR FAULT; TECTONIC PLANE]

                The central sector of the Himalaya is under very strong compressive strain. Almost all thrusts that define the boundaries of lithotectonic terranes of the Kumaun Himalaya are active, though variably, for much of their extent. The fault reactivation is expressed in different geomorphic developments and drainage responses. In the north, neotectonic movements along the fault zone, that caused detachment of the Great Himalayan crystalline foundation from the Tethyan sedimentary pile, have resulted in formation of lakes upstream of points of the fault crossings and in the development of deep gorges downstream. Confined to the inner Lesser Himalaya in the middle of the Himalayan domain, are stepped terraces lining valleys upstream of the reactivated Almora Thrust, implying commonly three pulses of uplift in the late Quaternary time. The synclinal nappe of the crystalline rocks bound by the Almora Thrust is an active fold. In the south, reactivation of faults of the schuppen zone of the Main Boundary Thrust is evident from the pronounced dextral swing of antecedent rivers, the truncation of colluvial cones and fans in the fault zone, and the valley-fills upstream of points of the faults that cross them. In the foothills, Holocene movements along the Himalayan Frontal Fault have considerably uplifted and tilted the late Pleistocene-to-early Holocene gravel deposits covering the Siwalik terrane. The boundary thrusts merge with the plane of decoupling or detachment thrust along which the pile of Himalayan rocks was uprooted from its foundation. Earthquake hypocentres at depths of 15 to 25 km below the surface define this plane and imply ongoing movements on the detachment thrust. Continuing uplift related to active faults is related to the movements on this thrust plane.

 Verma, S.K.; Sharma, V.K. and Bagchi, S.K. 2001. Variation in specific gravity of wood in segregating F² and F³ populations of E. citriodora hook. x E. torelliana F.V. muell. hybrids. The Indian Forester, 127(4): 450-456. Division of Genetics & Tree Propagation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. [SPECIFIC GRAVITY; VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION; WOOD]

                The present paper reports the variations observed in specific gravity of wood in segregating populations of F² and F³ hybrids of E. citriodora and E. torelliana. Perhaps this is the first report of its kind so far as the F² and F³ hybrids of Eucalyptus are concerned. These studies were carried out on 10-year-old plants growing in a field trial laid out in 1987 at New Forest Campus, Dehradun. (Alt. 640m. Lat.30^o30'40" N,R.F. 216 cm.). A comparison in specific gravity of wood has been made with parent species involved in hybridization. A subtle range in variation in specific gravity of wood was observed due to segregation. The range in specific gravity of wood observed was 0.8144-0.8931 in E. citriodora, 0.6279-0.6590 in E. torelliana and 0.5170-0.6677 for F² and F³ recombinants. Since a wide spectrum of variation has been observed in individual tree specific gravity of wood belonging to F² and F³ generation hybrids this has offered ample scope for selection of desired recombinants for different end uses.

 Zomer, Robert J.; Ustin, Susan L. and Carpenter, Chris C. 2001. Land cover change along tropical and subtropical riparian corridors within the Makalu Barun National Park and conservation area, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 21(2): 175-183. International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, Viehmeyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Wildlands Studies Program, San Francisco State University, Extended Education, 3 Mosswood Circle, Cazadero, CA 95421, USA. [BIODIVERSITY; FOREST VEGETATION; LAND-COVER; MAKALU BARUN NATIONAL PARK; NEPAL]